How a) do you explain, and b) what modern application might you make concerning:
1. The parable of the unjust steward (Luke 16:1-9)
A) The steward's shrewdness was commended here not his dishonesty, he knew he couldn't change his past so looked to change his future. He wasn't classed as good as he was still called one of the children of the world. But the children of the light are to learn from this
B) Just as the world will use opportunities to their best interest, we should use opportunities for His best interest. Lets not let any word fall to the ground, when we could have witnessed for Him. Or walked by when we could have helped a fellow believer in distress. Rushed by without committing the situation to prayer. Chose to read the paper, or watched the tube when we could have hid His Word in our heart.
2. The case of the 'unidentified exorcist' (Mark 9:38-40)
A) The disciples were not the only ones who could do God's work.
B) Yes you may well have the truth amongst you, but don't be so dogmatic to say that no-one in this group can possibly be of Christ, maybe they haven't got the strength to leave them yet, maybe God is able to act in ways that are mysterious to you. He knows who are His, and those who aren't will be told to depart from him, that is His judgment call to do not yours.
3. The reference to David and the showbread (Matthew 12:1-8)
A) Jesus' point here was that the Sabbath law was for our benefit, not to be a burden. It's a day for rest and joy, not fear and restriction.
B) He later quotes Hosea 6:6 'I desire mercy, not sacrifice'. Show love to people not get your clipboard out to see where, on your list, they've gone wrong. By all means, present them with God's word, not your tradition, to convict them of their wrong practice but then point them to the cross, where all offence is dealt with justly. He is the judge not you, let Him do His work.
4. The time when He 'could there do no might work' (Mark 6:1-5)
A) Remember He had been there a year before and was rejected, even evicted from the synagogue after reading Isaiah, so He was being gracious in allowing them another opportunity to hear His words.
Do not ignore that he 'lay his hands on a few sick people and heal them.' Jesus has all power, but he does teach later in .11 if a place refuses to listen to you shake the dust off and move on elsewhere.
B) Christ will not work in the hearts of those who will, that's will, not believe. To continue to strive you could well be casting your pearls before swine. Pray for them, but then move on to people who are open.
5. His instruction to 'eat His flesh, and drink His blood' (John 6:53-56)
A) We are in order to obtain eternal life, we must receive Christ through faith, faith in the life lived pictured by the bread, and the forgiveness of sin purchased at His death pictured in the water of life shown before in the Woman at the Well story, (possibly alluding to baptism if you take that view). Also He compared the words He spoke in .63 to that of spirit and life.
B) Just we can't live without bread, we can't expect to live eternally without faith in Him or the forgiveness he provided. And we can't live by bread alone but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God.
6. The requirement to hate one's family (Luke 14;26)
A) It is a statement of comparison even hyperbole, our love of them is deemed as hatred when compared to the love we have for God, also note that in the parallel passage in John (12:25) it is your life that you are to hate, and clearly we don't hate that or else the statement to 'love your neighbour as yourself', would make no sense for if we do hate our life we are to hate the neighbour to, which is ridiculous.
B) We are to have a right view of our life, that the one we live for Him is what matters, the Godly eternal life is incomparably more important than this earthly temporal one, as is the relationships we have too.
7. His teaching about 'foot washing' (John 13:4-15)
A) He was illustrating His teaching, by acting as a servant, in this case washing their feet. A task assigned only to a slave, or sometimes done out of love, such as in a wife doing it for her husband or a child doing so for their parent.
B) We should back up what we teach/believe/confess with action, in this case, as in Phil. 2:3 'we should esteem each other better than ourselves' and so looking for how we can minister to each other. Also He washed us with the work of the cross, and we can wash each other by the application of His Word into each others lives. (Eph 5:26)
8. His preaching to 'spirits in prison' (1 Peter 3:18-20)
A) To preach used here, is to announce as a herald or proclaim, not the preaching of the gospel as used in 1.12 or 4.6. We are not told what was told to these 'imprisoned spirits' but it was not a message or redemption, it was I offer a declaration of victory that He had over satan and death. Much like Colossians 2:15 'And having disarmed the powers and authorities, he made a public spectacle of them, triumphing over them by the cross.
B) So to steal words from a hymn, 'Forbid it Lord that I should boast, save in the cross of Christ my God, all the vain things that charm me most, I sacrifice them to His cross'. We only have this life to witness for Him, after they are gone it is too late, so let them know the hope that is within us, before it is too late. Eternity is too long a time to leave people with the wrong answer.